অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তি আৰু বিকাশ

অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তি আৰু বিকাশ: অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ লিখকসকলৰ তালিকা:

শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ আগৰ কাল (প্ৰাচীন যুগ):

• হেমচন্দ্ৰ বৰ্মণ (আলাওল) – বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ চৰ্যাপদৰ কবিসকলৰ ভিতৰত এজন।
• দৰিৰাম কাশ্যপ – চৰ্যাপদৰ কবি, অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক নিদৰ্শন।

শঙ্কৰদেৱ যুগ (ভক্তি আন্দোলন আৰু মধ্যযুগ):

• শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ (১৪৪৯–১৫৬৮) – অসমীয়া ভক্তি আন্দোলনৰ পথপ্ৰদৰ্শক, বড়গীত, অনুকীয়া নাট আদি সাহিত্যৰ সৃষ্টি।
• মাধৱদেৱ (১৪৮৯–১৫৯৬) – শংকৰদেৱৰ শিষ্য, নামঘোষা, বড়গীত আৰু কাব্যৰ সৃষ্টিকাৰী।
• দামোদৰ দেৱ (১৫২৪–১৫৯৬) – বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম আৰু ভক্তি সাহিত্যৰ সৃষ্টি।
• অনন্ত কন্দলি (১৫শ শতিকা) – মহাভাৰতৰ অসমীয়া অনুবাদক।
• ভট্টদেৱ (১৫৪৮–১৬১১) – প্ৰথম অসমীয়া গদ্য লেখক, ভাগৱত আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থৰ অনুবাদক।

আধুনিক যুগৰ আগশাৰীৰ লেখক:

• অণিৰুদ্ধদেৱ (১৫৫৩–১৬২৬) – বৈষ্ণৱ সাহিত্যৰ অন্যতম লেখক।
• হৰিবৰ বিভাবাৰী (১৬শ শতিকা) – ধৰ্মীয় কাব্যৰ সৃষ্টি।
• হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰ (১৭শ শতিকা) – ধৰ্মীয় আৰু ভক্তি সাহিত্যৰ কবি।
• সৰস্বতী (১৭শ শতিকা) – ধৰ্মীয় পদ্যৰ সৃষ্টিকাৰী।

উপনিবেশিক যুগ আৰু আধুনিক অসমীয়া সাহিত্য:

• হেমচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা (১৮৩৫–১৮৯৬) – অসমীয়া ব্যাকৰণ আৰু “হেমকোষ” অভিধানৰ ৰচক।
• লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা (১৮৬৮–১৯৩৮) – অসমীয়া ৰেনেছাঁৰ অগ্ৰগামী, “বৰগীত” আৰু বিভিন্ন নাটক।
• চন্দ্ৰকুমাৰ আগৰৱালা (১৮৬৭–১৯৩৮) – ৰোমাণ্টিক সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিনিধি।
• হেমচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী (১৮৭২–১৯২৮) – আধুনিক অসমীয়া কবিতাৰ জন্মদাতা।
• পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞিবৰুৱা (১৮৭১–১৯৪৬) – গদ্য সাহিত্যৰ অন্যতম অগ্ৰগামী।
• বেণুধৰ ৰাজখোৱা (১৮৭৯–১৯২৩) – জাতীয়তাবাদী সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিনিধি।

স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছৰ আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ লেখক:

• বীৰিঞ্চি কুমাৰ বৰুৱা (১৯২৭–১৯৮৩) – সমাজ আৰু মানৱীয়তাক ধৰি সাহিত্যৰ সৃষ্টি।
• ইন্দিৰা গোস্বামী (১৯৪২–২০১১) – সাহিত্য অকাডেমি আৰু জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটাৰ বিজয়ী, উপন্যাস আৰু গল্পৰ ৰচক।
• হোমেন বৰগোহাঁই (১৯৩২–২০২১) – উপন্যাস, প্ৰবন্ধ আৰু বিভিন্ন সাহিত্যৰ সৃষ্টি।
• মম্মদ তায়েবুৰ ৰহমান (১৯৩৯–) – শিশু সাহিত্য আৰু শিক্ষামূলক গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচক।
• জয়ন্ত মাধৱ (১৯৪৭–) – কবি, সমালোচক আৰু লেখক।
• ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ বৰদলৈ (১৯৩৯–) – উপন্যাসিক আৰু গদ্য সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিনিধি।
• নবকান্ত বৰুৱা (১৯২৬–২০০২) – সাহিত্য, কবিতা আৰু উপন্যাসৰ জগতৰ অন্যতম প্ৰখ্যাত লেখক।
• পাৰেশ বৈশ্য (১৯৫২–) – গল্প আৰু কাহিনীৰ জগতৰ লেখক।
• রঞ্জিত শৰ্মা (১৯৫৯–) – আধুনিক কবি আৰু গল্পকাৰ।
• আতুলানন্দ গোস্বামী (১৯৩৫–২০২২) – সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী গল্পকাৰ।

  এই তালিকাখন অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ উন্নতি আৰু বিকাশৰ ক্ৰমধাৰাৰ প্ৰতিনিধি।

Origin and Development of the Assamese Language

(Article in English)

Introduction

Assamese, also known as Asamiya, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly in the northeastern state of Assam in India. It serves as the official language of Assam and is also spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. With a rich literary tradition and a diverse linguistic history, Assamese has evolved through centuries, shaped by various socio-cultural influences and historical events. This article explores the origin and development of the Assamese language, tracing its journey from ancient times to its present-day form.

Origins of Assamese

The Assamese language belongs to the eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan family, which itself is a part of the larger Indo-European language family. The earliest roots of Assamese can be traced back to the Prakrit languages, specifically the Magadhi Prakrit, which was spoken in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Magadhi Prakrit is considered the ancestor of several modern eastern Indo-Aryan languages, including Bengali, Oriya, and Maithili.

During the early centuries of the Common Era, the region now known as Assam was home to a variety of ethnic groups and tribes, each with its own linguistic traditions. The interaction between these groups and the speakers of Indo-Aryan languages led to the formation of a unique linguistic identity that eventually evolved into the Assamese language. The emergence of Assamese as a distinct language is believed to have occurred around the 7th to 8th centuries CE, a period during which the region saw significant cultural and political developments.

Early Development and Literature

The earliest form of Assamese is often referred to as “Old Assamese” or “Early Assamese,” which developed during the 7th to 14th centuries CE. This period is marked by the influence of Sanskrit on the language, evident in the use of Sanskrit vocabulary, syntax, and literary forms. However, Assamese also retained many of its indigenous features, including phonetic and grammatical characteristics that distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages.

One of the most significant milestones in the early development of Assamese literature is the “Charyapada,” a collection of Buddhist mystical poems written between the 8th and 12th centuries CE. While the Charyapada is not exclusively Assamese, it contains verses in proto-Assamese, proto-Bengali, and other eastern Indo-Aryan dialects. These verses provide valuable insights into the linguistic features of early Assamese and its close relationship with other regional languages.

The Medieval Period: Growth and Maturation

The medieval period, spanning from the 14th to the 18th centuries, was a crucial era for the growth and maturation of the Assamese language. This period saw the emergence of a distinct Assamese literary tradition, heavily influenced by the Bhakti movement, which spread across the Indian subcontinent during this time. The Bhakti movement in Assam was spearheaded by the saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardev (1449–1568) and his disciples, who played a pivotal role in shaping the Assamese language and literature.

Sankardev’s contributions to Assamese literature are monumental. He composed numerous devotional songs, known as “Borgeet,” plays called “Ankiya Naat,” and other religious texts in Assamese, which helped standardize the language and make it more accessible to the common people. His works, along with those of his disciple Madhavdev, laid the foundation for Assamese prose and verse, establishing a literary tradition that continues to influence Assamese culture to this day.

During this period, Assamese also began to develop a more standardized grammar and vocabulary. The influence of Sanskrit remained strong, but the language also incorporated elements from local dialects and languages spoken by the various ethnic communities in Assam. This linguistic amalgamation contributed to the richness and diversity of Assamese, making it a language that could effectively express a wide range of cultural and intellectual ideas.

The Colonial Era: Standardization and Modernization

The arrival of the British in Assam in the early 19th century marked the beginning of a new phase in the development of the Assamese language. The British administration initially imposed Bengali as the official language of Assam, leading to a decline in the use of Assamese in official and educational domains. However, this policy faced strong opposition from Assamese intellectuals and leaders, who campaigned for the reinstatement of their language.

The efforts of figures like Anandaram Dhekial Phukan and Hemchandra Barua were instrumental in the revival of Assamese during the colonial period. Phukan’s essays and Barua’s lexicographical work, particularly his “Hemkosh,” the first Assamese dictionary, played a crucial role in standardizing and modernizing the language. Hemchandra Barua also authored the first Assamese grammar book, which helped in formalizing the linguistic rules and usage of Assamese.

In 1873, the British government finally recognized Assamese as the official language of Assam, leading to its widespread use in administration, education, and literature. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a renaissance in Assamese literature, with the emergence of newspapers, journals, and literary societies that fostered the growth of modern Assamese prose and poetry. Prominent writers of this period, such as Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Chandra Kumar Agarwala, and Hemchandra Goswami, are considered pioneers of modern Assamese literature.

Post-Independence Period and Contemporary Developments

The period following India’s independence in 1947 was one of significant linguistic and cultural consolidation for Assamese. As Assam became a constituent state of the Indian Union, Assamese was established as the official language of the state. The post-independence period saw further development of Assamese literature, with new genres and forms emerging in response to contemporary social and political issues.

Writers like Birinchi Kumar Barua, Indira Goswami, and Homen Borgohain contributed to the enrichment of Assamese literature, exploring themes of modernity, identity, and social change. The Assamese language also adapted to the demands of modern education, science, and technology, with new terminologies being coined and standardized to accommodate these fields.

In recent decades, Assamese has faced challenges due to the rise of globalization and the dominance of English, particularly in urban areas. However, efforts to preserve and promote the language continue, with government initiatives, cultural organizations, and digital platforms playing a crucial role in ensuring the vitality of Assamese in the 21st century. Assamese literature has also embraced digital media, with writers and poets exploring new forms of expression through blogs, social media, and online publications.

Conclusion

The Assamese language has a long and dynamic history, characterized by continuous evolution and adaptation. From its roots in ancient Prakrit to its current status as a modern language with a rich literary tradition, Assamese has developed into a vibrant and expressive medium of communication. Its journey reflects the cultural and historical influences that have shaped Assam over the centuries, making Assamese not just a language but a symbol of the region’s identity and heritage. As it continues to evolve in the contemporary era, Assamese remains a vital part of India’s linguistic and cultural mosaic, with a legacy that resonates far beyond the borders of Assam. 0 0 0.

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